Study of Heavy Metal Concentration in underground water at Janjghir Champa region in Chhattisgarh

 

Dr. Manoj Kumar Ghosh¹, Harsha Tiwari²

 

ABSTRACT:

The present study focused on the groundwater contamination in pre monsoon and post monsoon status in ten villages near Janjghir Champa district Chhattisgarh state India. Groundwater samples were collected from sites in pre monsoon (April May 2020) and post monsoon (Sept October 2020) using composite sampling method. Ten heavy metals   were detected in groundwater samples. The observed results revealed the exceeding value of heavy metals prescribed by WHO for groundwater.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Groundwater is used for domestic and industrial water supply and irrigation all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization. Human health is threatened by most of the agricultural development activities particularly in relation to excessive application of fertilizers and unsanitary conditions. Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries like India, has affected the availability and quality of groundwater due to its overexploitation and improper waste disposal, especially in urban areas. According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Once the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored by stopping the pollutants from the source. It therefore becomes imperative to regularly monitor the quality of groundwater and to device ways and means to protect it. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools (1-4) to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of groundwater.

 

In this study focused on the groundwater contamination in pre monsoon and post monsoon status in ten villages near Janjghir Champa district Chattisgarh state India. Groundwater samples were collected from sites in pre monsoon (April May 2020) and post monsoon (Sept October 2020) using composite sampling method. Ten heavy metals   were detected in groundwater samples. The observed results revealed the exceeding value of heavy metals prescribed by WHO for groundwater.

 

Study Area:

India is a one of the biggest country in the world, and Chhattisgarh is a one of the most popular and biggest state in India. Our study area is belonging with Chhattisgarh say it’s one district Janjghir Chappa. We select its ten villages and take samples in this villages.

 

DATA COLLECTION:

Water samples are collected randomly from different locations of Janjgir Champa. Nearly one hundred and ninety samples were collected for pre-monsoon (April May 2020) and one hundred and ninety samples were collected for post- monsoon for the year 2020. For all those three hundred and eighty samples the physio chemical properties of that collected water samples were analyzed and reported. Out of those three hundred and eighty samples only thirty eight that is nineteen samples for pre monsoon and nineteen samples for post monsoon (September October)  for the year 2020 were considered for the water quality index for those areas or locations. The locations preferred among those thirty eight samples were having high physio chemical properties. The water samples were collected in Glass bottles which were pre-cleaned by nitric acid and distilled water in the laboratory. The pre-cleaned Glass bottles were also washed twice by water sample prior to collect the samples and after taking samples we put the bottles in air tight container (thermocol boxes) after taking its temperature because of its we maintain its natural temperature. The water samples were immediately taken to the laboratory and analyzed to minimize the physicochemical and other changes.

 

 

Table – 1 Details of Pre monsoon 2020 sampling Locations and Location ID

 

Physico-Chemical Analysis:

Physico-chemical parameters like pH, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and heavy metals like Lead and Cadmium were determined by adopting standard methods of APHA (1995) and  dthe methods by Trivedi and Goel (1986). The reagents of analytical grade were used for analysis and the instruments were calibrated.

 

Table- 2 Physico chemical characteristics of ground water

 

Table-3(A) Chemical characteristics in (mg/l) of ground water.

 

Table-3(B) Chemical characteristics in (mg/l) of ground water.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Comparison of pH: It plays an important role in clarification process and disinfection of drinking water. For effective disinfection with chlorine, the pH should preferably be less than eight, however, lower-pH water (<7) is more likely to be corrosive. Failure to minimize corrosion can result in the contamination of drinking water and adverse effect on its taste and appearance. The desirable limit and permissible limit of total pH value for drinking water as specified by WHO is to be within 6.5 to 8.5. In our observation we found pH value of all samples in this ranges, which is in normal.

 

Graph- 1 Comparison of pH value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Electrical Conductivity:

Conductivity is a parameter in water affected by the presence of dissolved ions. Organic compounds do not conduct electric current very well and hence their contribution to conductivity is very low. Significant changes in conductivity could then be an indicator that a discharge or some other source of pollution has entered in a stream. Conductivity of collected samples varies in the range of 573.544 to 1146.390μS/cm in pre monsoon samples and  936.994 to 1405.687μS/cm in post monsoon samples also 1500μS/cm is recommended by WHO.

 

Graph- 2 Comparison of Electrical Conductivity in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Total Dissolved Solids:

The presence of dissolved solids in water may affect its taste. The palatability of drinking water has been rated by panels of tasters in relation to its TDS level as follows: excellent (less than 300mg/l), good (300–600 mg/l); fair (600–900mg/l), poor (900–1,200mg/l) and unacceptable (>1,200mg/l).  IS: 10500-2012   has prescribed 500 mg/L as the acceptable limit and 2,000mg/L as the permissible limit for TDS for the water to be used for drinking purpose. In present study, the TDS concentration of analyzed samples lies in the range of 664.280 to 869.384mg/L in pre monsoon samples and 933.9998 to 1337.938mg/L in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 3 Comparison of Total Dissolve Solid in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Total Hardness:

In fresh water sources, hardness is mainly due to presence of calcium and magnesium salts. Temporary hardness more than 200mg/L as CaCO3 may cause scale deposition in the treatment works, distribution system and pipe work and tanks within buildings. Water with hardness less than 100mg/l may, in contrast, have a low buffering capacity and will be more corrosive for water pipes. IS: 10.500 has prescribed 200mg/l as the acceptable limit and 600mg/l as the permissible limit for total hardness in absence of alternate source of drinking water.  The hardness of groundwater samples in the study area is found to be in the range 241.7473 to 344.4392mg/L in pre monsoon samples and 290.1545 to 441.7502mg/L in post monsoon samples as CaCO3.

 

Graph- 4 Comparison of Total Hardness value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Calcium:

Analysis of calcium has also been carried out in all the samples in present study. The WHO limit for calcium is 75 mg/l as acceptable limit and 200 mg/L as permissible limit for drinking water. In present study, the Calcium concentration of analysed samples lies in the range of 215.3555 to 314.7608 mg/L in pre monsoon samples and 312.1651 to 444.2489mg/L in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 5 Comparison of Calcium value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

Magnesium:

Magnesium is another important parameter that has been analysed in all the samples taken in the present study. The WHO limits the magnesium concentration of 50mg/l as acceptable value and 100mg/L as a permissible value for drinking water. The magnesium concentration of all the samples has been found to be in the range of 169.787mg/l  to 188.046mg/l in pre monsoon samples  and 182.296mg/l to 237.3567mg/l in post monsoon samples .

 

Graph- 6 Comparison of Magnesium value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Potassium:

Potassium is another important parameter that has been analyzed in all the samples taken in the present study. The WHO limits the Potassium concentration of 12mg/l as acceptable value and 100mg/L as a permissible value for drinking water. The Potassium concentration of all the samples has been found to be in the range of 24.99 to 32.14 mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 29.42 to 38.72mg/l in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 7 Comparison of Potassium value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

v Bicarbonate:

Bicarbonate is another important parameter that has been analysed in all the samples taken in the present study. The WHO limits the Bicarbonate concentration of 250 mg/l as acceptable value and 100 mg/L as a permissible value for drinking water. The Bicarbonate concentration of all the samples has been found to be in the range of  485.03 to 564.03 mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 527.16 mg/l to 591.34mg/l in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 8 Comparison of Bicarbonate value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

Chloride:

Some common chloride compounds found in natural water are sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). The desirable limit and permissible limit of Chloride value for drinking water as specified by WHO is to be within 250mg/l and in our analysis we found 154.99 to 170.79 in pre monsoon samples and 172.02 to 211.89mg/l in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 9 Comparison of Chloride value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Nitrate:

Nitrate component are recommended by WHO is 45mg/l for drinking water and in our analysis we found it in 43.11 to 47.70mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 49.31 to 54.33mg/l in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 10 Comparison of Nitrate value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Iron:

Iron is readily found in soil and water. Coal and pond ash are also a rich source of iron into groundwater. Concentration of iron in groundwater samples was observed from 2.35 to 3.76mg.l in pre monsoon samples and 3.54 to 4.95mg/l mg/l in post monsoon samples. Prescribed limit of WHO for iron in drinking water is 1.5mg/l while in most of the sample of groundwater it is exceeding the limit. Liver cirrhosis is found to be related to drinking water contaminated with iron.  

 

Graph- 11 Comparison of Iron value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Cadmium: 

Cadmium (Cd) has been in industrial use for a long period of time. Its serious toxicity moved into scientific focus during the middle of the last century. Food and cigarette smoking are the most important sources of Cd apart from water. Cd accumulates within the kidney and liver over long time. Longterm low-level exposure leads to cardiovascular disease and cancer. It is known to primarily affect renal tubular function of reabsorbing protein, sugar and amino acids. The desirable limit and permissible limit of Cadmium value for drinking water as specified by WHO is to be 0.001mg/l and in our observed samples we found its range between 0.0021 to 0.0029mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 0.0033 to 0.0048mg/l in post monsoon samples.

 

Graph- 12 Comparison of Cadmium value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Chromium:

Maximum permissible limit of WHO in drinking water for chromium is 0.05 mg/l but the concentration estimated in groundwater   from 0. 05 to 0.057 mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 0.064 to 0.080mg/l in post monsoon samples. Chromium in excess amount can be toxic especially the hexavalent form. Long-term exposure of chromium can cause kidney and liver damage and can damage too circulatory and nerve tissue.

 

Graph- 13 Comparison of Chromium value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

Sulfate:

In our analysis we found range of sulfate in ground water is 396.72 to 409.51mg/l in pre monsoon samples and 411.06 to 512.80mg/l in post monsoon samples and WHO recommended within the range 250mg/l.

 

 

Graph- 14 Comparison of Salfate value in Pre monsoon and Post Monsoon samples

 

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Received on 27.12.2020       Modified on 10.01.2021 Accepted on 21.01.2021      ©A and V Publications All right reserved Research Journal of Science and Technology. 2021; 13(2):70-78. DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2021.00011